Radio

Radio

• PBS (Public broadcasting service
• paid through licensing fee
• REMIT (set of rules for radios)
• pluralistic ideological perspectives
• However new technology has allowed audience to pick and mix their own music now and not needing to listen to the radio. This links to David Gauntlett's theory of pick n mix.
• Digital technology has allowed audience to produce stuff
• It also maximises accessibility
• Thumbnailing images is a great way of categorising stuff 

Late-Night Women's hour

• Broadcast on BBC radio 4
• Spin-off of Women's hour
• It broadcasts once every month/ an infrequent broadcasting schedule
• Targets a female audience
• was presented by Lauren Laverne
• Usually 11pm on a Friday
• Target Audience is middle aged feminists
• Talk a lot about Feminists issues
• Lexis are well-spoken and articulate and are educated
• Apposition is when 2 things are placed side by side, similar to opposition except they're on the same side
• Targeting an extremely specific target audience
• Established 2015

Broadcasting is distributing a media product to a large audience easily
BBC was established in 1922

Women's hour originally was aimed for house work for women, this reinforced hegemonic norms, making it patronising

How have sociohistorical factors lead to a diversification of media output?

We have such a diversification of media now because of digital convergence

• Stuart Hall: Reception Theory
• Preferred
• Negotiated
• Oppositional
• Cannot relate to what the radio hosts are discussing about at all and find it boring 

Vaginas/pockets radio episode

• Female body odour 
• Then they talk about fashion which is much more hegemonically safer
• 
  

Clay Shirky
End of the audience theory

• 'we are making our own stuff and using them instead'
• Digital technology can now share (produce) music and videos and radio to others

Les Revenants & Genre

Highly atypical show: Les Revenants

Genre

• Thriller/Horror
• Romance
• Action
• Supernatural
• Drama-
• Avant-Garde
• Zombie
• French?
• Unconventional/atypical/subversive

Example of cult TV

• Fans who are devoted to a particular TV show

• Intertextuality
• Setting in the low French-Alps
• Architecture is French-esque
• Explicit amounts of blood
• Produced by a French channel (Canal)
• Treatment of genders is more relaxed than in the UK
• Stereotypically looks of French people

If a TV show is aimed to multiple audiences, it's known as a double mode of address

For example: younger and older generations for Les Revenants

Facts

• Released 26th November 2012 on Canal+
• Released in the United Kingdom on the 9th June 2013, on Channel 4
• 2 series, 8 episodes each
• Based on the French film 'They Came Back' in 2004
• Les Revenants (the movie) was directed by Robin Campillo
• Created by Fabric Gobert
• The show has a significant majority of white people suggesting it presents the ethnic diversity of France, this shows the target audience
• George Gerbner argued that if a certain group of people was left out of a media product is called symbolic annihilation 
• Mogwai- Band
• Unconventional rock band
• Extremely normal looking, not wearing anything special (Atypical)
• No vocalist
• Genre is post-rock and has a niche/cult audience
• Can ensure the show that has a pre-sold audience
• The soundtrack is Atypical/ they composed the entire soundtrack for Les revenants
• 
  

"In the 21st century, it is essential for TV shows to offer their audiences multiple meanings" - evaluate this claim with reference to Les revenants/The Returned

1. Representation can be used by the producer to manipulate the audiences ideology
2. This allows the producer to construct a perfect reality that may be reflected in the real world
3. This makes Les revenants highly polysemic as people's choices may not want to follow the producer's ideology

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Promotional images for advertising

• Camille is stereotypically attractive
• Ginger suggests rebel
• Dress older then she is, suggesting she's a mature teenager
• She does display being grumpy
• makeup suggests she's tired and ill
• Is a highly subversive atypical representation of a teenage girl
• This suggests that the audience has high expectations

• Claire has nice hair, well dressed
• She has a very understated glamour
• Atypical representation of a middle-aged woman
• Stereotypically middle class

Promotional image

• 
• Set in a valley in the French Alps, targets a French audience because it's something they would be familiar with
• Black Rose is symbolic of Mourning which is a binary opposition between the wedding and the funeral
• Binary opposition between life and death
• Canal + co-produced I, Daniel Blake
• Caption "The past has decided to resurface" suggests its edgy
• Wedding dress has connotations for it being a romance genre
• Specific stereotypical French people were chosen to show that this is a French show
• Stuart Hall suggests that Les Revenants is a show that is supposed to have negotiated reading
• The text is split in half which could be referring to binary opposition that Simone and Adele are divided and broken
• The show is marketed differently in different nations because different nationalities stereotypically have different tastes
• This is because of Cultivation theory by George Gerbner, that French people experience more edgy, sexual TV shows than other nationalities
• 
  

• The characters in Les Revenants are stereotypically attractive to a French Audience

Trailer

• The trailer uses a rapid fire montage and cross-cutting, this is very conventional for a trailer
• Trailer is exciting, has a range of characters, same footage but done by a different director instead of Robin Campillo
• the distributors had taken a different role with the footage
• Has english subtitles and english texts, meaning its aimed towards an english audience
• Is exciting and fast-paced
• close-up of pictures covered in blood suggests horror
• Bus crash also suggests horror or action (very dramatic)
• Atypical horror cult show, just like Mogwai
• Also demonstrates a romance, horror, thriller, action hybrid genre
• a philosophical cult drama
• This is done to get a wider audience
• the distributors are clearly targeting a mainstream audience
• Hard-sell show

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Camille and Lena

• Lack of non-diegetic sound anchors the audience into a tense and deliberately uncomfortable scene, appealing to a niche audience or fans of horror and mystery
• Knocking on wall in hermeneutic codes, indicating a dramatic and mysterious event
• Deliberately confusing and challenging

Simone, Adele and Lena Scene

• Adele's response is not logical and is not typical of the genre
• Mid-shot of Adele collapsed against the door is symbolic of her misery and her lost of sanity, along with the high angle view makes her seem isolated, exposed, alone and weak
• Preferred reading of this scene was to make her seem happy again, but Les Revenants puts us in a confused position by making her not happy to see her.
• Terror intertextuality, the diajetic knocking sound, coupled with the shot of the handle moving is highly conventional of the horror genre.
• The scene demonstrates hybrid fluidity between the genres of horror and romance
• Brighter lights on Adele's side contrasts the low-key lighting on Simone's side of the door
• Non-diajetic music creates a stereotypical horror track, instruments such as a piano can be played very creepily. An arpeggiated song, symbolises loss 
• Big theme about this show is death, this means that this is final, and there is no return from death but Les revenants flips this, and for example Adele is upset because she believed she is being haunted by Simone
• We have a shot of Simone yelling "open the fucking door" with a counter shot of Adele screaming "go away'. This creates a barrier between the two and a diametric opposition.
• Extremely uncommercial scene
• Mise-en-scene of the mirror symbolises that Simone is a ghost and that he doesn't belong here
• Adele wears a white dress symbolises the fact that she is married
• Simone is wearing a suit which creates a binary opposition between Adele and Simone,  Simone is giving order and being stereotypically masculine, Adele is being stereotypically feminine and being scared and isolated, this links to Lisbet Van Zoonen's theory that genders are portrayed in a certain way across all media
• Low-key lighting in Adele's house is a proairetic code suggesting something bad is going to happen to her
• This could be an intertextual reference to the gothic genre
• lighting is artificial suggesting Adele carries herself now and doesn't want Simone in her life
• Long shot of Lena suggests how lonely she is and how vulnerable she is
• Middle-class characters for a middle-class audience
• Every character in the show is white, suggesting a white middle-class target audience
• Slow paced editing but increases as the music gets more intense

Monsieur/Madame Costa

• Mise-en-scene or the ropes that bond her make her seem vulnerable, the fact that the audience is place in another room to her on the other side of the fire on the other side of the door frame
• Completely atypical response
• Soundtrack doesn't fit the scene, it is a contrapuntal sound
• There is a mundane/boring response to the fire, Mr Costa thinks he's gone mad, Mrs Costa is confused by the fire
• Classy old fashioned house suggests middle-class elder persons house

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Steve Neale wrote about Genre such as conventions to give movies and TV shows certain generic classification 

Genre can sometimes be ineffective in categorising media if it involves completely different media products that follows the same genre partially

Genre limits creativity 

1. Twin Peaks
2. Buffy the Vampire Slayer
3. The Wire
4. Doctor Who

The Walking Dead

Newspapers Industry

The Daily Mirror

The Times

A text is a media product <----------
 |       Decodes                                   \
v                                                         |
Audience                                            | Negotiation
 |       Encodes                                     |
v                                                         /
Producer--------------------------------/



Institution and industry are completely separate terms

Institution is the values and ideology of a media production

A more informal, high impact, sans-serif font

Smart casual highlights that Long is a bit formal but also laid back

The white background is a neutral, non threatening background

The different colours of the tabs are nicely coordinated and blend into the white but also connote to variety and choice.

The variety of student shows that everyone is welcome. Different hairstyles, ethnic groups, genders, clothing.

Institutions differentiates from each other to attract groups of people.

1. Differentiation
2. Competition
3. Identification
4. Ideology

Purpose of an logo is for it to be easily recognised as it's own unique company

Many logos can be simple, classic and clean

For Shell, the yellow symbolises energetic which correlates to Shell's energy for car infrastructure 

Starbuck logo green symbolises growth and nature

White symbolises peace and tranquility

The crown symbolise power and the best but also loyalty

Stereotypically attractive female

Long wavy organic hair
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Selection of images used in a newspaper reinforces a negative ideological perspective
"His own party deserts him", the use of the word "desert" makes him more isolated
"On the gropes" means that Trump is in a bad situation politically
Play on the words "hanging by the ropes", meaning that he's cornered and about to lose, pun
"Trump on the gropes", the headline is absolutely massive, taking up a third of the cover.
Aimed towards people with not high educational levels, potentially towards GCSE levels, around 14
The whole story is adverse
2/3 of the headlines are about TV shows, meaning that the target audience would be of working-classes
A lot of assumptions being made here like "Strictly" and "Corrie", quite informal for a mode of address and can be told by how the writers know what the target audience is on about
San-serif font has associations with informality.

Very Conservative, implying that the newspaper tends to be proud of it's own country, includes the UK coat of arms.

Very upper class and the font enforces this as we associate terribly neat handwriting with the upper-classes

Newspapers cover current news

• Newspapers have a cluttered layout
• Has multiple stories
• Has multiple headlines

 Masthead
the title of a newspaper or magazine 

Barcode
a machine-readable code in the form of numbers and a pattern of parallel lines of varying widths, printed on a commodity and used especially for stock control.

Caption

a title or brief explanation accompanying an illustration, cartoon, or poster

Headline

The title of a magazine or a newspaper

Main Image

The big image on the cover of a magazine or newspaper

Page Numbers

The digits given to a certain page depending on how far into the magazine/newspaper/book it is

Target Audience

Which group of people the producers are trying to aim their products towards at

Pull Quote

a brief, attention-catching quotation taken from the main text of an article

 

Classified Ad

is a form of advertising which is particularly common in newspapers, online and other periodicals which may be sold or distributed free of charge

Skyline

this is an information panel on the front page that tells the reader about other stories in the paper to tempt them inside

Edition

Different versions of the newspaper

Stand First

a brief introductory summary of an article in a newspaper or on a website, typically appearing immediately after the headline

Byline

The line above the story that gives the author's name

Body Text

The written material

Standalone

A picture that can exist on it's own but usually on the front page

Centre Spread

One image that runs across two pages

 

Lead Story

The main story of the paper

Gutter

The blank space between two facing pages in the centre of a newsletter or magazine

Folio

Top label for the whole page

Page furniture

Everything on the page other than the stories and the text and the images

Proairetic codes can be seen by the couple as if they are about to speak or are in the middle of getting a photo.

Stuart Hall- Reception Theory

Adidas Leg hair Advert

-Hegemony, the rules we follow in society
-We conform because it makes life easier

This advert is breaking gender stereotypes
This is breaking hegemonic norms
"distasteful"

Adidas was trying to put affront that girls having leg hair is normal but it didn't turn out well

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Stuart Hall- Reception Theory

When we receive something we are given something
Hall suggested that there are 3 different ways to view a media product

1. Preferred Reading: The right reading of a media product, which can be enforced by positioning

This concept has to be approached carefully often texts(media products) intentionally have multiple meanings.

1. Dominant Reading: The audience agrees with the dominant values in the text, and agrees with the values and ideology it shows.

2. Negotiated Reading: The audience generally agrees with what they see, but they may disagree with certain aspects

3. Oppositional Reading: The audience completely disagrees with what they see, and rejects the dominant reading

4. Aberrant Reading: When the audience completely misunderstands what the text is trying to present

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Con-Air
Nicolas Cage in this movie was sent to prison because he killed a man, that might be oppositional reading because they would think he's a bad man but the movie suggests to be comedic and the preferred reading is that killing the really bad prisoners is a good thing.

A negotiated reading might be that it is action packed and ridiculous, even though in real life it would be a terrible thing to happen.

Celebrity endorsement: Chris Evans encourages people to buy the product

Sexually suggestive, use of low key lighting connotes sex intertextuality, suggest romantic films

The dominant reading is the that we are meant to want this lifestyle, that the most important thing in the world is sex.

Oppositional reading is that such religious groups may not like how sex is presented in this way.

These people are stereotypically attractive, tanned skin, blond hair, blue eyes, people who are gay may not find this attractive. The connotations of tattoos are that you are rebellious.

Direct Address w