Mini Mock Test: December

Liesbet Van-Zoonen argues that media language encodes how male and female characters act in media products. Explore how representations position the audience in Humans and Les Revenants

Key scenes

• Brothel in Humans
• Adele scene

Key theory 8: Feminist Theory/Male Gaze Theory

Lisbet Van Zoonen

The theory is that every media product is aimed to a heterosexual male audience

• Gender is constructed through discourse, conversations, media products
• And that this gender stereotype can change over the world depending where you are.

Van Zoonen believes that women are used in media products to attract heterosexual men

Aspirational image: an image that inspires you to look like that model in the image to gain a better life style.

Sexualisation: To make something sexual

Objectification: The change someone to the status of an object

Simone, Adele and Lena Scene

• Adele's response is not logical and is not typical of the genre
• Mid-shot of Adele collapsed against the door is symbolic of her misery and her lost of sanity, along with the high angle view makes her seem isolated, exposed, alone and weak
• Preferred reading of this scene was to make her seem happy again, but Les Revenants puts us in a confused position by making her not happy to see her.
• Terror intertextuality, the diajetic knocking sound, coupled with the shot of the handle moving is highly conventional of the horror genre.
• The scene demonstrates hybrid fluidity between the genres of horror and romance
• Brighter lights on Adele's side contrasts the low-key lighting on Simone's side of the door
• Non-diajetic music creates a stereotypical horror track, instruments such as a piano can be played very creepily. An arpeggiated song, symbolises loss 
• Big theme about this show is death, this means that this is final, and there is no return from death but Les revenants flips this, and for example Adele is upset because she believed she is being haunted by Simone
• We have a shot of Simone yelling "open the fucking door" with a counter shot of Adele screaming "go away'. This creates a barrier between the two and a diametric opposition.
• Extremely uncommercial scene
• Mise-en-scene of the mirror symbolises that Simone is a ghost and that he doesn't belong here
• Adele wears a white dress symbolises the fact that she is married
• Simone is wearing a suit which creates a binary opposition between Adele and Simone,  Simone is giving order and being stereotypically masculine, Adele is being stereotypically feminine and being scared and isolated, this links to Lisbet Van Zoonen's theory that genders are portrayed in a certain way across all media
• Low-key lighting in Adele's house is a proairetic code suggesting something bad is going to happen to her
• This could be an intertextual reference to the gothic genre
• lighting is artificial suggesting Adele carries herself now and doesn't want Simone in her life

How is Gender constructed when Leo enters the brothel?

• Leo is aggressive to other men on the street, even pointing, glaring; he is assertive and is getting stuff done
• Leo Gesticulates aggressively and assertively
• wears lots of layers of clothing making him look ruff and tuff
• military connotations with the guys wearing green shaded jackets
• Tracking shot positions us with Leo as he enters the brothel
• Leo tries to conceal a disgusted expression as he's quite upset to be in the brothel
• Leo is acting tuff, Niska is acting sexy; she is putting on an act so she can survive otherwise she'll be found out
• Hyper-real representation of a brothel
• The soundtrack makes it sound like an uninviting place to be, we are in the same position as Leo where we feel uncomfortable.  It is exploitative. Usually it would be the woman's right to choose to be a prostitute however all the prostitutes in the scene are synths, meaning they have no choice
• Tracking shot follows Leo around, it cuts to Niska which is a eye-line match shot
• Niska sexualisation, she is wearing a stereotypical sex worker costume
• During the hug they both breakout of their characters, Leo is no longer ruff and tuff
• Niska is very happy and is acting very human
• She proceeds to take out her anger at Leo by smacking him, but also continues what Leo claims that she is best as a prostitute for now
• This glare, smacking and close up shot of Niska emphasise the power she has over him; symbolically castrates/emasculates him
• women are numbered which objectifies them "yes i want number 7"
• Each prostitute is in their own chamber as if they are in a zoo, being treated like animals
• beard symbolises manliness in media
• £25 for 10 minutes can be considered
• Leo walks in a slouched way as if he has a purpose
• Backstreet which has symbolic connotations of crime, this creates binary opposition with the middle-class household that Anita is located

Sigmund Freud Madonna/Whore Complex

Woman Magazine

Audience is positioned to be uncomfortable

Allegory

Sociohistorical

Key Words

1. Representation
2. Stereotypical
3. Mise-en-scene
4. Hegemonic
5. Proairetic
6. Ideology
7. Hermeneutic
8. Symbolic
9. Cultivate
10. Polysemic
11. Subversive
12. Semiotics
13. Encoded
14. Binary/Diametric Opposition
15. Anchorage

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Liesbet Van-Zoonen argues that media language encodes how male and female characters act in media products. Explore how representations of genders position the audience in Humans(Stereotypical representation of women) and Les Revenants(the same as Humans)

To begin, Van Zoonen believes that women are used in any media products to appeal to the stereotypical hegemony of society that that media product is representing. In my overall opinion, I believe that representation of genders are portrayed stereotypically to the hegemonic norm of a patriarchal society before everyone was treated equally.

For Humans, it’s displays women in a very stereotypical way. Such example of this is Anita in Humans, she is being portrayed as a house-wife or maid, doing the dishes, laundry, cooking and always says to Laura Hawkins that she was built to serve. What makes this fit to the Zeitgeist of women in the 1960’s is the intertextuality of Humans, such as the Women magazine. We can associate Anita’s actions with how women were treated when society was more patriarchal then egalitarian. For the audience, they are positioned by making Anita the main character of the story. Examples that put her as the main character includes marketing such as posters, and her flashback in episode 1, season 1, when Leo loses her when she gets kidnapped. Meaning that she has a key importance to Leo who also is portrayed as important in the plot of Humans.  With the audience knowing that she is the main character means that the producer wants the preferred reading to be that the audience follows her story as she seems to be the spine of episode 1, season 1. With this we can consider that the representations of the female gender in Humans is that they are treated as a household object, as she is forced to do all the house cleaning and cooking etc. An example of this objectification can be when Laura Hawkins calls her ‘you’re just a stupid machine’ with Anita replying ‘yes Laura’. For the audience, they are meant to feel sympathy for Anita and also feel like they’re in the same position, to feel angered by how the Hawkins family treats her such as Matty saying that she is a slave. Concluding that for Lisbet Van Zoonen’s theory, this can be considered that females match the hegemony of society, however this is more directed towards the 1960’s when women were portrayed more as house-wives, this suggests that the show Humans is an allegory, with Van Zoonen stating that women are still portrayed to appeal to a male heterosexual audience. With Humans being Anita’s story, the preferred reading is for the audience to associate themselves to Anita the most as she is the one found on all the marketing for the TV show. And with how the Hawkins family treat her, makes the audience feel bitter towards anyone else who treats her badly.

Additionally, Les Revenants follows the same format of following the portrayal of men and women stereotypically. To begin, the best scene to describe how each gender is represented is the diametric opposition between Adele in her white wedding dress, low-key lighting and being indoors, with Simone in his black suit, dark lighting and being outside. One mid-shot of this scene is when Adele collaspes against the front door, this is symbolic of her misery and her lost of sanity after Simone had supposedly died ten years before the tv show is set. The mise-en-scene of the high angle view makes her seem isolated, exposed, alone and weak which follows the stereotypical hegemony of society in the 1960's. 

Furthermore, Humans also follows stereotypes of women but in another fashion as well as a house-wife. Theorist Sigmund Freud suggested that men, during his time, perceived women in one of two categories. He coined this the Madonna/ Whore complex, stating that women can either be a virgin, motherly, all caring, benevolent carer with great beauty or rather a whore, a character that craves intercourse, mostly prostitutes who want money. In this case Anita’s house-wife actions are contrasted by Niska, another synth in Humans. She also kidnapped and becomes a robotic prostitute. In episode 1 of season 1, Niska is portrayed as a whore according to Sigmund Freud. For one the mise-en-scene of the brothel when the character Leo enters it has high connotations to how women are represented. For one, Niska is wearing a stereotypical sex worker costume. Each prostitute is numbered, and not called by their real name, Leo says to the brothel owner that he’ll ‘have number 7’, which objectifies Niska and women as a whole yet again. Each prostitute is also in their own chamber as if they are in a zoo, being treated like animals, aka being treated as if they had lower status in society than men. Furthermore, the soundtrack of the brothel scene also makes it sound like an uninviting place to be in, the audience at this point follows Leo as he snakes around the brothel to find Niska, making us feel uncomfortable to be in the brothel. This follows Van Zoonen and Freud’s theories, that women are portrayed to be appealing to the male-gaze, or rather that media sexualises women; and that with the soundtrack making the audience feel uncomfortable with its exploitive nature demonstrates Freud’s belief that men portray the whore of the Madonna/Whore complex as scary and uncaringful, and the soundtrack follows this. This diametric opposition between Anita’s house-wife attitude and the objectification of synths in the brothel demonstrates Freud’s simple complex.

For the audience in this scene they follow Leo around the brothel could possibly show a rather atypical response but also stereotypical response on women. For atypical, Leo feels uncomfortable around the women, suggesting that he is fearful and unmanly, this of course is atypical to the stereotype that men are not afraid of anything and are brave, and with the audience being forced to follow him around the brothel, makes them feel uncomfortable to be around the women. This follows the stereotypical response that women that follow the whore part of the complex can be considered untrustworthy and scary. This can tie in to Stuart Hall’s reception theory, he states that when an audience is given a media product, they give three response to that product. For the producers preferred reading, he wants the audience to feel uncomfortable around the brothel, demonstrating an allegory that women should not be sexualised like this, following Van Zoonen’s theory but also tying in to how Freud’s theory demonstrates how wrong the whore is. For oppositional reading, this can be that women should be perceived to have a lower status in society and disgusting according heterosexual men, which Van Zoonen theory follows.

Formation

Formation by Beyonce

• A single is a song which is released by itself in it's own album
• A load of songs is an album 
• Was released without any announcements, a surprise release
• Was a one hit wonder
• Beyonce was apart of destiny's child
• Got a lot of profit due to Beyonce's popularity
• Formation, lead single for the album Lemonade, was released the day before Beyonce's performance at the SuperBowl final in February 2016. The formation music video, directed by Melina Matsoukas, was released with the song
• This music video one many awards including a Clio Award for innocation and creative excellence in music video at the 2016 awards, and has been nominated in the music video category at the 59th
• Video is deliberately controversial as it's message is bold about black people with links to oppression and slavery
• Video is highly Atypical, the unique selling point is the setting

Encoding: When the producer puts meaning into something
Decoding: When the audience is trying to understand what the producer has encoded
Colonialism:

1. We see the world as a binary opposition by comparing the UK to the world, foreign vs familiar

• The master shot (beyonce on a car) involves ordinary people and the police, the ordinary people is suggest by the mise-en-scene of what she's wearing, (a stereotypically working class dress) Conflict between calm and rebellion, Beyonce on a police car is illegal but she is calm
• There is conflict between the police and the people
• Another example of the police business is the young black kid acting like a threat to the police
• There is a big amount of conflict due to the low-key lighting and a lot of political ideology of oppression being encoded
• A conflict between civilisation and the weather, there is a huge amount of apocalyptic setting.
• Rich and poor opposition: Wig shot transitioning to Beyonce in a posh antebellum victorian room
• Mise-en-scene is set in the Antebellum Era
• Many different Eras in the video such as Antebellum, 80/90s and modern, it's Atemporal
• Her movements in the antebellum house were very aggressive and powerful and foot stamping is symbolic of power
• her sticking up her middle fingers shows her disrespect and lack of hegemonic norms in society
• Examples of sexualisation include the antebellum house when Beyonce is wearing revealing clothes
• Makes Beyonce relatable to everybody in poverty, it reinforces stereotypes to make money

David Gauntlet: Pick and Mix theory

• Audience and people pick certain parts of ideologies and create their own identity
• Things that influence the way you are
• Sexuality
• Gender
• Ethnicity
• Class
• Culture
• Race
• Religion
• level of education
• Location
• Nationality
• Age
• These are all demographics: a simple way of categorising audience groups

Lisbet Van Zoonen: Feminist Theory

• Gender is encoded through media language
• men and women are encoded in different ways
• Assumes that every audience member is a man
• Ballet on ice is symbolic of women's stereotypical elegance

Paul Gilroy: Ethnicity & Post-Colonial Theory

• 
  
• Formation is:
• Unique
• Subversive
• Atypical
• Experimental
• Different from a conventional music video
• Establishing racial hierarchies is a way of establishing hegemonic control
• Adding binary opposition can help make sense of the world

1. White, middle-class teen boy, 13
1. Vouyerism towards Beyonce
2. Wouldn't understand the racist themes
3. Would enjoy the dancing
2. Mixed race woman, working class, 21
1. May particularly enjoy the representation of women being powerful, direct mode of address from Beyonce
2. Personal identification
3. Black, middle class professional man, 25
1. Far more interested and identified with the themes of racism

That B.E.A.T: Abteen Bagheri (2012)

• Got a genre thats underground as its breaking copyright law
• Bounce music has a big gay aspect within it
• Genre is aimed towards gay, black, working-class people from Louisiana
• Allows Beyonce to explore an aspect of black southern American culture, but is it just cultural appropriation?
• What we are seeing is a black commercialisation, as Paul Gilroy says

1. Establishing shot of southern american house sinking in the water
2. Men twerking
3. Tracking shot from moving car filming dilapidated Louisianans houses
4. Police and neon lips, nightime handheld shot of black boy on bike with strobing police car, binary opposition between black youth and opposition
5. Iconographic shot of ceiling fan connotes  a run down and poverty striken enviornment
6. Under the bridge shot, covered in graffiti and signifies gang violence and crime

Intertexual reference to bounce music, a typically underground, non-mainstream genre of music.

Gives the video to formation a unique selling point (USP)

Allows Beyonce to target a wider audience, specifically southern state audience

Creates awareness of a genre which may otherwise be overlooked

Gives Beyonce an 'edge' dangerousness, a threatening feeling

Gives video a sense of 'realness' and authenticity, a representation of black, working class people

However completely ignores any representation of gay people, which is fundamental to the bounce genre

Removing the representation of gay people ensures the song's financial success

Alfred Hitchcock

Cultural Capital: The cultural resources of an individual, for example knowledge, qualifications, art, customs and tastes

Lisbet Van Zoonen- Feminist theory

• He is a film director
• Doesn't talk much about his movies in the interview but rather about English Girls
• Hitchcock is creating a hierarchy of British women (ethnocentrism, the belief that one group of people are better than other groups of people)
• San-serif font "they're like snow-capped volcanoes", is poetic. This simile is an example of objectification and stereotyping.
• By repeating the image 4 times suggests he's important

Dehumanisation of women "seductive creature"

Patriarchal Hegemony

• Mid/ close shot
• High-key lighting reveals what she's hiding and brightens her face, connoting to being seductive and pretty
• Shiny, glossy lips has connotations to romance
• Blond curly hair was the hegemonic norm of beauty in 1964
• the possessive pronoun "my" objectifies grace kelly in the caption/pull quote.
• Direct mode of address looks at camera in a seductive way, this is further anchored by the cocked angle, sexualising the atmosphere. 

Woman Magazine

mid-shot
Alfred Hitchcock is a movie director who directed the birds and psycho
Mise-en-scene includes
shoulder length hair also seems sensible
brunette
well presented with a sensible hairstyle
brown eyes
attractive middle age women, hegemonically attractive
Bold text saying "Woman" stating that this is the hegemonic norm of women of 1964. The style of the font of the masthead is serif, and handwritten, suggesting the mode of address is friendly, the model is also smiling with pearly white teeth, with a fake smile.
Additionally the way she looks at the audience perhaps shows she is relatable, being relatable means that she is not dressed in beauty as if she is going to a party but rather just going into town or something, suggesting that the target audience isn't well educated and has low self-esteem
"Seven Star" shows signs of exaggeration to show how great the magazine is. Stereotypically suggesting women should be in the kitchen "improvements for your kitchen"
aimed towards working class, straight, age 30-50 women
Pinkish background enforces it's for women
"are you an a-level beauty?" is a direct mode of address, making the target audience feel bad about themselves
Binary opposition: Dark background vs the Yellow banner on the front

• Woman magazine is published weakly
• Published by a company called the IPC
• Still sells magazines to this day
• Cheap magazines 7d = 80p
• Genre of this magazine is women's lifestyle
• Woman magazine is aimed at a broad audience
• It's circulation was 3 million copies

Socio-Historical context

what was going on in society at the time

Content:

• 'extra special about men' assumes the audience like men, therefore are women
• 'knitting' assumes the women enjoy to knit and all women do it
• 'gardening'
• 'back to school clothes' suggest that the target audience are mothers and are straight
• This magazine has a heteronormative theme

Documentary

more women going into higher education

26,000 women were now going to University by 1960

Women's rights were very popular by the end of the 60's

wanted equal pay

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Ideology: The beliefs of the producers that they are trying to give out through their products
The producers ideology is that all women should be housewives

Hegemony: A widely held belief for a certain people group
Women belong in the kitchen according to the front cover

Anchorage: Words that go along with an image to give it a specific context
"Seven star improvements for your kitchen"

David Gauntlett: theories of identity
pick and mix theory: audiences can select which ideologies suit them, and completely ignore the elements of the product.

"so any girl can assemble it quickly"

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Reinforcing Hegemonic Norms

1. That there are very specific roles women should follow (women are good at cooking). That they should be loyal to their husbands/that they are heterosexual. "Are you an A-level beauty" suggests that all women aren't beautiful unless they read such magazines as the Woman magazine. Women have plenty of spare time. Women have to wear make-up, in order to be attractive, you've got to be young
2. Heterosexual women, but possibly appealing to men as thats how the male genders would've wanted women to be like in 1964. It enforces what the hegemonic norms were in 1964
3. 
   

The magazine encodes certain stereotypes that if you do not follow in society, you will not be accepted in society.
There is a reality to stereotypes, if someone is told something a numerous amount of times, this will enforce that 'belief' more and more. For the magazine, it reinforces a women's place in society, it reinforces patriarchal hegemony. Stating men are better than women, with the magazine also produced by men.

Voyeurism: Taking pleasure in watching someone or something
The magazine gives women the pleasure of social interaction, talking about it with your friends

bell hooks: Feminist Theory

• argues that feminism is a struggle to end patriarchal hegemony and the domination of women
• Feminism is not a lifestyle choice; it's a political commitment
• Race, class and gender all determine the extent to which individuals are exploited and oppressed

Advertising in magazines

• 1/3 of total revenues across the industry are advertising, it is therefore vitally important that the magazine and advertising content target the same audience in order that the advertising brands benefit from increased...

Analyse the ways in which the advertising in Woman constructs stereotypical representations of women, for example:

1. Women's place in the home - wife and mother
2. Women don't make important decisions
3. Women are dependant on men for acceptance and protection
4. Women as sexual objects, and inferior to men

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• The copy adopts a direct mode of address which is friendly
• This soaps will show you kindness, like a gentleman
• The very first sentence is an example of interpolation
• This advert makes big claims about what women actually are, that you are not attractive if you don't buy the soap
• She is stereotypically attractive, full breasts, slender body, hourglass figure.
• Her body is being used to sell the body, that if you use the soap, you'll get her body shape/style
• She is an aspirational figure
• The advert is not meant to sell a product but rather a lifestyle, that of course appeals to men.
• Sexual objectification, all we know about her is a object purpose, only for the product to be used upon.

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• Man is pleased by how the woman looks after putting on the make up. Sexual tension, in some ways this advert is subversive, she potentially is rejecting this man, or rather that he is stalking the woman.
• Serif font "beauty at a moment's notice..." suggests a stereotypical feminine type of beauty of it, aimed towards women, also a tagline and suggests it's easy to use.
• Assumes that the only thing women are shopping for is make-up and are doing it everywhere they go.
• The layout is much like a comic and presents a storyline, the use of panels creates a sequential narrative
• The title being at the bottom supports the z-line theory, presenting everything in a straight possible way
• "at a moment's notice, putting on make-up is hegemonically the right thing to do, it assumes that women not wearing make-p is not attractive
• This advert creates a clear insecurity to the target audience, manipulating the audience, thinking that they are ugly.
• The compact mirror is an essential part of the narrative, suggesting that she can see the man and is smiling
• Being in black and white suggest classiness, restoration of the equilibrium, presenting as if it's the happy ending of a romantic film, intertextuality

How can the ad effect men?

• Men are expected to approach women, and women should not approach men
• Men cannot wear make-up and women should
• Men should be constantly formal, wearing suits and looking professional all the time

Pros to stereotypes

1. Provides a solution to make certain people groups happier
2. Allows producers to target a target audience
3. It makes it much easier to make a product
4. Can be used to make a profit
5. In a patriarchal society, women are safer, don't need to go to war and have men to protect them
6. Uniformity, can make life a lot easier
7. It is possible to have a positive stereotype, e.g men are strong "man up"
8. Stereotypes help us make sense of the world 

Brand identity

How businesses presents itself to its consumers and how it wants to be perceived

Vogue has more sexual connotations with thick lips and styled out eyes that are sharp

Woman is less sexual and more aimed towards women who have gone through that hegemonic age of looking for men and are rather housewives.

High production values

On vogue, the focus is on the model, the text blends in with the dress so it doesn't distract you from the woman

Woman magazine, cover lines are very large and visible

Vogue assumes that the audience has cultural capital as they should know what the price is, since you need to squint to see the price

Vogue is more full colour and glossy, whereas Women is more dull
Vogue is £4.50 and Woman is 50p.
Direct Mode of Address for Woman is aimed towards working class age 30-50

• Vast majority of the magazine is on women however this article is on men. This is not however a regular feature.
• The enlarge font of "MEN" suggest men are superior
• This article's purpose is how to get it's target audience (heterosexual women) a man.
• The representation of women is Woman magazine are fairly stereotypical
• The reason being that women are meant to make happy. This article reinforces patriarchal hegemony
• This article reinforces binary opposition
• The advice in the article is accepted by the reader, showing Stuart Hall theory of reception.
• The article is giving the audience vital information
• The man doing his tie reinforces a man in his right place and a woman in his right place
• A critique of arrogance, "'Man's is creations masterpiece but who says so?' -Man", Taking the piss out of men
• On the dominant image, it shows the woman having power, Subverting stereotypes of patriarchal dominance, and the man is doing a stereotypical woman pose. There is also binary opposition with the man wearing black and the woman being in white.

The Times & The Daily Mirror

The Times is pro-Donald Trump, "you will be so proud" and "the new world" suggest that Trump is a new beginning and will save the American people by creating a better "world" or in this case, nation. They're not very supportive of Trump, they don't include anything which is very bias like "Trump wins yay", but only include how Pro-Trump supporters reflect him by including quotes.

The Serif font "The New World" suggests seriousness and positivity, and the ideology that Trump will be a global force for good. The headline is directly over his heart, demonstrating his love for america and his intentions to shape the world.

Trump's red tie has connotations to patriotism, hope and positivity. The red is associated with the Republicans

Has Mike Pence clapping for him in the main image, suggests that he has a lot of support

The mise-en-scene of the The Times is the American flag is symbolic of freedom and justice. This anchors to the audience to believe that Donald Trump is a positive force.

Bias through selection of images by selecting a smug image of President Trump suggests that he is unprepared. But for other audiences it might suggest confidence or Trump's fear at responsibility.

The choice of the word shockwaves is perhaps symbolic of natural disasters, potentially the audience may negotiate a negative response.

A pull quote's lexis demonstrates the new President's egotism. But may be comparative to other orators like MLK, however also an intertextual references to a comic book super villain.

Yellow has connotations to superiority.

The Daily Mirror is against President Trump, they say "What have they done?" which is a question presenting hatred, confusion and just why America would do such a thing, meaning that they have caused something terrible; which is reflected on the Statue of Liberty with her hands on her face, showing disappointment.

Representation: The process of showing something again

1. Identify the group, place or issue on which a media is focusing
2. The technical devices the media text uses in order to present these groups or issues
3. The message about the group or issue being created within the text
4. The impact of this message on the target audience

PEA: Point, Evidence & Argument 

Hegemony: Acceptance of certain rules and regulations in society (Hegemonic norm)




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• Patriarchal hegemony is the idea that that men have dominance over women
• In this society, women should look stereotypically attractive and men should always be adventurous
• "All women should be skinny, large breasts, tanned, blond hair": these are all hegemonic norms about beauty
• Stereotypically western body types
• Cultural Hegemony: Its is said that some cultures are stereotypically better than other cultures

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Key theory 8: Feminist Theory/Male Gaze Theory

Lisbet Van Zoonen

The theory is that every media product is aimed to a heterosexual male audience

• Gender is constructed through discourse, conversations, media products
• And that this gender stereotype can change over the world depending where you are.

Van Zoonen believes that women are used in media products to attract heterosexual men

Aspirational image: an image that inspires you to look like that model in the image to gain a better life style.

Sexualisation: To make something sexual

Objectification: The change someone to the status of an object




Why do producers use representations?

1. Entertainment value
2. Ideological Reasons
3. Financial Reasons
4. Narratives

Voyeurism: Taking pleasure in watching someone when they don't know they're being watched

In what ways can [Media Products] can incorporate viewpoints and ideologies?

Explore how audiences can respond to and interpret the ideological perspectives of [Media Products].

• The Point you are making, which links to the question marked "An advantage of the newspaper manipulating the ideology of the audience is"                                                                                 
• Evidence (Media Language) that supports your point "The use of a close-up shot anchors the target audience in a position of..."                                                                                                       
• Argument or deeper analysis of this point "The use of the setting functions as a referential code"                                                                                                                                                    
• A Theoretical Perspective which is used to confirm your point of view (Don't need a theory in every paragraph) "This in turn reinforces hegemonic notions about gender stereotypes"

Newsworthiness is stories are approved and good enough to be on newspapers

Every story must go through the basic tennets

1. Who
2. What
3. Where
4. Why
5. When
6. How
7. and more

Anchorage: weighing down something so it's enforced into people.